Challenges and Potential Solutions for Managing Solar Module Waste in Developing Nations

Although solar modules support a necessary global energy transition, the sunny technology is not without a dark side. Solar modules have defined lifetimes, after which they become sources of hazardous waste. Considering an average module lifetime of 30 years, the International Renewable Energy Agency projects the global cumulative volume of solar module waste to reach 1.7 million metric tons by 2030 and 60 million metric tons by 2050. The projected surge in solar waste requires policies and strategies for management. Yet, despite the anticipated influx of solar waste, there are few national initiatives for management, least of all in developing nations. This systematic review synthesizes and summarizes the overarching challenges and potential solutions for managing solar module waste in developing nations. Based on an analysis of 35 academic papers, this review finds that the primary barriers to solar module recycling or recommissioning in developing nations are economic feasibility and the lack of regulation. Potential solutions involve promoting producer responsibility for waste management and incentivizing research and development on new, efficient recycling technologies. This review concludes with recommendations for further research.