Research and Writings
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Item type: Item , Access status: Open Access , The roles of people in conservation(2010-02-01) Anne Claus, C; Chan, KMA; Satterfield, T; Ehrlich, PR; Van Houtan, KS; Davidar, PIn this chapter, C. Anne Claus, Kai M. A. Chan and Terre Satterfield highlight that understanding human activities and human roles in conservation is fundamental to effective conservation. Conservation is inherently a social process operating in a social context. As such, conservationists will benefit from a nuanced understanding of people's perceptions and behaviors as individuals and in organizations and institutions. While there is no easy recipe for how local resource users should participate in modern conservation initiatives, attentiveness to resource rights and equity are critical in every conservation project. A successful conservation movement will effectively integrate the natural sciences and diverse fields of social research.Item type: Item , Access status: Open Access , Today's Fisheries Challenges Require Creative, Interdisciplinary Problem Solving(2014) Van Houtan, Kyle S; Schwaab, Eric CItem type: Item , Access status: Open Access , 1748: LONGITUDINAL TRENDS IN SEDATION AND ANALGESIA IN MECHANICALLY VENTILATED CHILDREN WITH BRONCHIOLITIS(Critical Care Medicine, 2026-03-01) Jones, J; Miller, A; Rotta, A; Adagarla, B; Heath, T; Kumar, KItem type: Item , Access status: Open Access , Heuristic Inference and the Left-Right An Experimental Analysis of How Voters Form Their Left-Right Images of Parties(2026-06-30) Lee, Seonghui; Santoso, Lie Philip; Stevenson, RandolphThis Element applies the theoretical framework of ecologically rational heuristic inference to synthesize insights from the extensive literature on the meaning of left and right in politics.Item type: Item , Access status: Open Access , Beneath the Bottleneck: An R&D and Technology Readiness Review of Lithium and Rare Earth Processing(2026-08-14) Yadav, Aashish; Sandeep, XXX; Broadhurst, JenniferMeeting climate targets requires an eightfold rise in lithium demand and a doubling of magnet rare earth demand by 2040 (IEA 2023). The binding constraint is not getting the resources out of the ground, but the midstream processing stages, where China controls 60% to 70% of lithium conversion and more than 85% of rare earth separation. Many Global South countries and companies within them are trying to expand their processing capability. Yet, many of these actors lack understanding of the latest research, development, and innovation in critical mineral processing.Item type: Item , Access status: Open Access , Age-related physiological dysregulation progresses slowly in semi-free-ranging chimpanzees(AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY, 2024-04) Cole, Megan F; Barnes, Paige; Rukundo, Joshua; Thompson, Melissa Emery; Rosati, Alexandra GItem type: Item , Access status: Open Access , The Cost of Keeping Cool: Energy Affordability and Extreme Heat(2026-08-06) Berg, Elizabeth; Brimley, Peri; Ward, AshleyAffordable energy is a necessity for maintaining a safe home. Without consistent electricity and power, households are unable to preserve or prepare food, charge medical devices, or heat and cool their living spaces. Although access to electricity is ubiquitous in the United States, many families are burdened with unaffordable bills that force difficult decisions between maintaining a safe and comfortable home environment and accessing other needs. This report outlines the geography and scale of household energy burden across the country, with particular attention to the impacts of extreme heat and cooling costs. Using county-level estimates of household energy costs and energy poverty, this report details where energy burden is most severe and how it varies across regions and seasons. It also examines how rising temperatures and increasing electricity costs are placing additional pressure on households that already struggle with energy affordability, and it explains the ways that high temperatures intensify the consequences of energy insecurity. The analysis concludes with the ways that federal and state support for energy affordability fail to recognize the importance of cooling access. The findings illustrate that efforts to reduce household energy burden must incorporate the compounding role of extreme heat.Item type: Item , Access status: Open Access , Drastic Images: The Visual Logic of Medieval Memory Techniques and of Medieval Sexual Badges(2026) Rasmussen, Ann MarieItem type: Item , Access status: Open Access , What Is Reading?(2026) Rasmussen, AnnItem type: Item , Access status: Open Access , Heat Legislation in California: Gaps, Innovations, and Opportunities(2026-07-17) Snyder, Julee; Harley, Camille; Levin, Adam; Ward, AshleyThis report examines California’s legislative record on extreme heat from 2014 through 2025. During this period, California introduced 128 bills addressing extreme heat mitigation and adaptation, of which 57 passed—a passage rate of approximately 45%. California has also committed funding at a scale no other state has approached, treating heat as a comprehensive public investment rather than a narrow regulatory problem.Item type: Item , Access status: Open Access , Kenya’s E-Mobility Knowledge Roadmap: Research Priorities to Support Economic and System Transformation(2026-07-17) Teji, Liilnna; Kigundu, Kenneth; Mulwa, Richard; Nasmiyu, Yvonne; Nyukuri, Elvin; Phillips, Jonathan; Taneja, Jay; Wesonga, BobKenya’s e-mobility transition is often discussed through lens focused on vehicle adoption, charging infrastructure, and the fiscal implications of declining fuel tax revenues. But the consultations that informed this knowledge roadmap pointed to a much broader opportunity.Item type: Item , Access status: Open Access , Bilalian News: The Visual Culture of the Nation of Islam(2026-01-22) McLarney, EllenThe front page of the October 24, 1975 issue of Muhammad Speaks includes the headline “MASTER BILAL” written in large block letters. Below the headline is an illustration of a muezzin calling Muslims to prayer, his hands cupped behind his ears to hear the acoustics of his own voice. In the illustration, sonic waves emanate from the call like rays of the sun. What looks like a rising sun suggests the dawn prayer, the fajr, an awakening, a new day, or the Muslim sunrise in the West.Item type: Item , Access status: Open Access , Item type: Item , Access status: Open Access , Hungry River Collective: Commemorating Goldsboro State Hospital Residents through Black Feminism, Ethics of Care, and Community-Driven Principles(2026-11-19) McGruder, Brianna; Powell, Chaitra; Jacobs, HannahItem type: Item , Access status: Open Access , Living Shorelines Performance Metrics: A Mixed-Methods Literature Review(2025-12-17) Volz, Skylar; RiceWoolf, SenecaLiving shorelines are increasingly promoted as alternatives to hardened shoreline protection due to their ability to reduce erosion while providing ecological and social benefits. Despite growing implementation, uncertainty about their long-term performance creates a barrier to their adoption. Adoption hesitancy stems from inconsistent, short-term, and goal-mismatched monitoring approaches. This literature review synthesizes regional, national, and selected international studies to identify best practices for evaluating living shoreline performance. Drawing from peer-reviewed studies, systematic reviews, and state guidelines, the review looks at how evaluation frameworks differ, commonly investigated performance metrics, where key gaps occur, and who conducts monitoring efforts. Results show that best practices emphasize goal-driven, long-term monitoring with the use of tiered metric selection and comparative designs. Physical and ecological metrics dominate, especially wave attenuation, sediment dynamics, and habitat provisioning. There is a notable gap in resilience and socioeconomic metrics, which should be addressed by practitioners, investors, and researchers. This review proposes a tiered, adaptable evaluation framework that aligns living shoreline project goals with prioritized performance metrics and monitoring methods. Such an approach can support living shoreline adaptive management, inform project effectiveness, and improve future funding, permitting, and implementation efforts.Item type: Item , Access status: Open Access , RAI Video of E.Roy Weintraub talk on John von Neumann with C. Marcuzzo(2026) Weintraub, E RoyItem type: Item , Access status: Open Access , Item type: Item , Access status: Open Access , Development and evaluation of a computerized algorithm for the interpretation of pulmonary function tests.(PloS one, 2024-01) Huang, Yuh-Chin T; Henriquez, Luke; Chen, Hengji; Henriquez, CraigPulmonary function tests (PFTs) are usually interpreted by clinicians using rule-based strategies and pattern recognition. The interpretation, however, has variabilities due to patient and interpreter errors. Most PFTs have recognizable patterns that can be categorized into specific physiological defects. In this study, we developed a computerized algorithm using the python package (pdfplumber) and validated against clinicians' interpretation. We downloaded PFT reports in the electronic medical record system that were in PDF format. We digitized the flow volume loop (FVL) and extracted numeric values from the reports. The algorithm used FEV1/FVC<0.7 for obstruction, TLC<80%pred for restriction and <80% or >120%pred for abnormal DLCO. The algorithm also used a small airway disease index (SADI) to quantify late expiratory flattening of the FVL to assess small airway dysfunction. We devised keywords for the python Natural Language Processing (NLP) package (spaCy) to identify obstruction, restriction, abnormal DLCO and small airway dysfunction in the reports. The algorithm was compared to clinicians' interpretation in 6,889 PFTs done between March 1st, 2018, and September 30th, 2020. The agreement rates (Cohen's kappa) for obstruction, restriction and abnormal DLCO were 94.4% (0.868), 99.0% (0.979) and 87.9% (0.750) respectively. In 4,711 PFTs with FEV1/FVC≥0.7, the algorithm identified 190 tests with SADI < lower limit of normal (LLN), suggesting small airway dysfunction. Of these, the clinicians (67.9%) also flagged 129 tests. When SADI was ≥ LLN, no clinician's reports indicated small airway dysfunction. Our results showed the computerized algorithm agreed with clinicians' interpretation in approximately 90% of the tests and provided a sensitive objective measure for assessing small airway dysfunction. The algorithm can improve efficiency and consistency and decrease human errors in PFT interpretation. The computerized algorithm works directly on PFT reports in PDF format and can be adapted to incorporate a different interpretation strategy and platform.Item type: Item , Access status: Open Access , Micro-Segregation: A Social History(2026-06-01) Ruef, Martin; Grigoryeva, AngelinaWe often envision segregation by class or caste at a large scale and in objective terms. It seems easy to identify a "slum city" or a "ghetto," particularly when profound differences in infrastructure differentiate them from other neighborhoods and residents have been explicitly minoritized. But what about the segregated microcosms that are peppered throughout human existence? In Micro-Segregation, Martin Ruef and Angelina Grigoryeva draw on archaeological, archival, ethnohistorical, and geospatial materials to document micro-segregation in a variety of societies and economic systems. They explain that micro-segregation occurs in social situations where interactions between individuals from distinct groups are not inhibited by sheer physical distance, but by institutional constraints and spatial configurations. From physical barriers to regulations regarding the use of amenities, micro-segregation prevents personal contact and social exchange. In so doing, it often produces an adverse impact on the self-efficacy of subordinate groups who are subject to institutionalized separation and violates conditions that might allow for a reduction in interpersonal prejudice. Despite the ostensibly fragile boundaries of micro-segregation, Ruef and Grigoryeva argue that it presents both a historically durable and pernicious constraint on human interaction, persisting on the basis of ingrained understandings and material inequalities even in the absence of formal prohibitions on intergroup contact. By addressing the ways social groups are kept apart across various activities and settings, the authors illustrate what that sorting process reveals about underlying social hierarchies and inequalities. They argue that if historians, policymakers, publics, and social scientists care about the patterns of segregation that produce marginalization, then we can ill afford to overlook the causes and consequences of micro-segregation.Item type: Item , Access status: Open Access , How to Build a Community Advisory Board (CAB): Tips and Lessons Learned from the Hospital-to-Home (H2H) Transitional Care Study for Children and Youth with Special Health Care Needs (CYSHCN) Community Advisory Board(2026-07-15) Kmitch, Laura; Ediae, Esosa; Ming, David; deJong, Neal; McDermott, Nathan; Sanwo, Daniel; Robinson, Dalya